1. Mass Percentage (w/w%)

What it means: How much mass of solute is present in 100 g of solution.

Formula: Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100

Example: You mix 5 g salt in 95 g water. Total solution = 100 g. Mass % = (5/100) × 100 = 5%

1. Volume Percentage (v/v%)

What it means: How much volume of solute is in 100 mL of solution.

Formula: Volume % = (Volume of solute / Volume of solution) × 100

Example: 10 mL alcohol in 90 mL water → total = 100 mL Volume % = (10/100) × 100 = 10%

1. Mass by Volume Percentage (w/v%)

What it means: How much mass of solute is in 100 mL of solution.

Formula: (Mass of solute in g / Volume of solution in mL) × 100

Example: 5 g sugar in 100 mL solution → (5/100) × 100 = 5% w/v

1. Mole Fraction (x)

What it means: Fraction of number of moles of one component to total moles.

Formula: xA = nA / (nA + nB) where A = solute, B = solvent

Example: 1 mole salt, 9 moles water → x(salt) = 1 / (1+9) = 0.1